"Where Is Britain Going?" - what relevance does an an analysis from 1925 have in 2025?

For many, 2025 is a year of worrying uncertainty, with inter-capitalist rivalry provoking trade wars - and actual wars – and oppression, poverty, and the threats of both climate catastrophe and right-wing populism all on the rise.

With former mass workers’ parties - like the Labour Party in Britain - having long since abandoned even any pretence of socialist ideology, workers and youth looking for answers to this capitalist chaos can find them hard to find. 

But one place to look - especially for those of us in Britan – and, as I’ll explain, for workers in the USA confronted with a Trump presidency too - is the short book that Leon Trotsky, one of the key leaders of the 1917 Russian Revolution, wrote 100 years ago, called: "Where Is Britain Going?"

Now that’s not to say, of course, that a now century-old book can provide instant answers. 1925 was not 2025 - then, the Russian Revolution still offered fresh hope to millions worldwide. The Stalinist counter-revolution in the Soviet Union was only just starting to take hold. Sadly, by the 1990s, that bureaucratic degeneration eventually led to capitalist restoration of these previously nationalised – although far from genuinely socialist – economies. 

With capitalism appearing to be unchallenged as the only way to run the world, the leaders of former workers’ parties – like Blair in Britain - rocketed to the right and socialist consciousness was thrown backwards – and that damage has still not been completely overcome. 

Contrast that to 1925 when even the right-wing Labour and Trade Union leaders had to refer, at least in words, to the need for socialism and Clause 4, printed on every Labour Party membership card, stated its aim as being “the common ownership of the means of production, distribution and exchange”. (Sadly, however, workers had already by then had the experience of the first ever Labour Government of 1924, and those fine words not being matched by actions!)

Certainly, amongst important layers of British workers and the left-wing of its political and trade union leadership, socialist ideas were far more boldly expressed than now – although – as Trotsky warns – often in a confused and contradictory way that needed to be challenged and exposed – especially by the young workers joining the newly formed Communist Party in Britain. 

Sadly, Trotsky’s warnings against a policy of just ‘cuddling-up’ to the trade union left leaders, without also being firm in criticism of their weaknesses when necessary, were left unheeded. Instead, the British CP - under the influence of the Stalinists - adopted an increasingly opportunist and uncritical approach. That left the best trade union militants completely unprepared for the inevitable retreats that these lefts made during and after the General Strike that took place just a year later – in May 1926 – and was one of the factors that led to its defeat. 

That’s important advice that still holds true 100 years later – especially when some parties on the left are happy to give platforms to some of today’s left celebrities – without also being firm in their criticisms of these lefts often unclear and inconsistent ideas about what needs to be done. 

Yes, we need to engage in a friendly way with left trade union leaders and politicians – but not uncritically – it’s important to make clear demands on them about how they should use their positions to build both trade union and community struggles and the urgently needed new mass workers’ party.

While there are important differences, there are also some striking similarities between 1925 – when Trotsky was writing - and now, not least the inter-capitalist global rivalry that was accelerating after World War One. Back then, like today in 2025, a previously dominant capitalist power was being threatened by new competitors. Except while now it’s the USA coming under threat from other trading blocs, not least from the strength of Chinese manufacturing, in 1925 it was Britain, faced first with the threat of German industry – a threat which had led to WW1 in the first place – and then the post-first world war strength of the US economy.

In 2025, it’s the threat of China’s challenge to previous US domination that lies behind the protectionist moves by Trump and the jettisoning of Zelensky to cosy up to Putin instead. 

Then - as now – the vital development that could take place on the basis of a global plan in the common interests of the workers of the world – and its environment – is being blocked by the capitalism’s need to pursue private profit, and the barriers erected by competing capitalist nation states.

But we have to take confidence that there is another side of the coin to the fear, division and insecurity created by Trump, Musk and their ilk – and that is that it will also provoke a reaction – not just from those immediately under threat but also from US workers themselves once Trump’s promises of better living standards turn out to be empty.

In the Preface to the American Edition of “Where is Britain Going”, Trotsky writes a few words of encouragement for us 100 years later (!) “For all its might, American capitalism is not a self-sufficient whole but a part of the world economy. … While driving Europe more and more into a blind alley, American capital is preparing wars and revolutionary upheavals which will then strike back at the economy of the United States with a terrible rebound. … The magnates of the American trusts, … oil tycoons and exporters, the billionaires of New York, Chicago and San Francisco are irreversibly, if unconsciously, fulfilling their revolutionary function. And the American proletariat - [the US working-class] - will ultimately fulfil theirs” (p.5)

People of my generation, brought up in the post WW2 boom, are coming to realise that we weren’t living in a ‘normal’ phase of capitalist development. During that period, world trade expanded massively (at the expense of the colonial world of course) and the profits generated meant that major capitalist powers could afford to grant concessions to hold back the threat from their own labour movements. 

But this was also forced on the capitalist powers by the threat of their common enemy - the planned economies of the Stalinist bloc which had emerged strengthened from World War 2 – however distorted by the undemocratic bureaucratic rule which eventually led to their downfall.

Now, of course, all those gains – like the NHS, council services and homes, free education, decent pensions and so on - are all under threat. It’s not by accident that Starmer ‘joked’ with Trump that, while a chainsaw wasn’t quite his style, New Labour too were cutting “red tape and bureaucracy” and were “open for business”. Britain’s government is also planning a new wave of cuts to public services, on the grounds that there is ‘no money’ – except of course for weapons of war.

But the world known by the generation that grew up following the collapse of Stalinism in the 1990s can now also be seen to be only a brief period of capitalist triumphalism. For a decade or so, the US seemed to be the only dominant power in a unipolar world - but that period has now been decisively replaced by today’s unstable multipolar world of competing and fluctuating capitalist trading blocs. Instead of globalisation, each nation state is now fighting it out for itself.

But the US capitalists are going to face the same splits that took hold of the British ruling class at the end of the nineteenth century - splits that Trotsky discusses in the first chapter of his book. Dominant British capitalism had adopted "free trade” as its guiding principle – the watchword of the Liberal Party in its prime - in order to prevent any barriers to further exploitation and the ability of British manufacturing, trading & financial might to amass private profit. The wealth generated by a global Empire had allowed it to grant reforms to stave off opposition at home – like extended voting and trade union rights, and increased wages – reforms firmly denied to those living in its colonial conquests of course – whether in India or Ireland, South Africa or the Middle East.

But faced with competition from new rivals like Germany, who had invested in superior technique and industrial organisation, a protectionist trend emerged amongst the British ruling-class – just as it has in the US around Trump. The Liberals declined to be replaced by the Conservatives as the main party of British imperialism. In turn, that opened the door to the growth of the Labour Party as workers and their trade unions, instead of hanging on to the coat-tails of the Liberal Party, set about building their own working class representation instead. That of course is the history that we now need to repeat once more – to break the unions from what is now an entirely pro-capitalist Labour Party.

And here’s another Trotsky quote from 1925 that’s also relevant today. He explains how, before, “By rocking the parliamentary swing from right to left and from left to right, the bourgeoisie found a vent for the opposition feelings of the working masses”. (p.13) In 1925 the swing was between the Tories and Liberals – in 2025 between Tories and Labour - but, then as now, the lack of any firm social base for these capitalist parties opens a vacuum to be filled by new forces – yes, possibly from the populist right like Reform but, as long as the opportunity is taken, certainly from the left by the workers’ movement. Trotsky explains how (p.8), after a massive strike wave immediately following the First World War had been defeated “paralysed in the sphere of economic action, the energy of the masses was directed onto the political plane. The Labour Party grew as if out of the earth itself” – and, in the present situation, such a new mass party can grow quickly again!

The main parties’ lack of any firm social base stems from the fact that ailing capitalism – the system which those parties represent – is no longer able to deliver even mild reforms for working people - only cuts and attacks on living standards. And if British capitalism was being elbowed out by other capitalist powers in 1925, by 2025 its decline is even greater, its ability to withstand capitalist crisis even less. Rather than invest to compete with its new rivals, the British capitalists, perhaps more than any other, turned instead to the short-term gains of speculation on the money markets – leaving it even more vulnerable in a time of trade wars.

But we have to explain that the solution to that crisis is neither a return to “free trade” ‘globalising’ capitalism nor its "protectionist” trade war version – but only through collective ownership and a democratic socialist plan of the world economy. That’s a conclusion that the world’s working class and poor need to reach – and act upon – and its leading layers – those coming together, even for now in small numbers, in parties like the Socialist Party – need to assist them in doing so.

Of course, the Labour Party was always a living contradiction – it was a capitalist workers’ party - with leaders wedded to capitalism - as that first 1924 Government had shown - but with democratic structures that allowed the working class to press that party to act in its interests from below. But, 100 years on, those structures no longer exist – and the avenues that allowed Jeremy Corbyn to become its leader firmly shut off. Starmer’s Labour Party is an openly pro-capitalist party – even though memories of the role it once played are still clung on to by trade union leaders who, instead, should be building a new party to provide workers with their own representation and organisation.

While some of the specific Labour and trade union leaders Trotsky comments on might now be long forgotten, there’s lots to pick up from reading Trotsky’s 1925 book for yourself.

Trotsky warns how “throughout the whole history of the British Labour movement there has been pressure by the [capitalists] upon the [working-class] through the agency of intellectuals … and drawing-room socialists … who reject the class struggle and preach collaboration with the [bosses] … but that “those British labour organisations that are the most unalloyed [most solid] in class composition, namely the trade unions, have lifted the Labour Party directly upon their own shoulders. The [working-class] needs a class party, it is striving by every means to create it, it puts pressure on the trade unions, it pays political levies. But this mounting pressure from below, from the plants and the factories, from the docks and the mines, is opposed by a counter-pressure from above, from the sphere of official British politics”.  (p.48/9).

And that’s worth thinking about in our struggle to build a new workers’ party – those pressures – from below and above – will continue to apply. As Trotsky notes that “the working class will in all probability have to renew its leadership several times before it creates a party really answering the historical situation and the tasks of the British proletariat” (p.42) 

Trotsky has plenty to say in answer to those who claimed then – as we also hear from them now - that 'British workers won’t ever be ready for socialist change’ and that reforms can only ever be secured in Britain a little at a time, leaving fundamental socialist change - revolutionary change – as some distant aspiration. Trotsky points out that similar things were said about the supposedly submissive masses of Russia but how their outlook had been transformed by events to one of “criticism, initiative and collective creativity”. (p.31).

He acknowledges that the sudden development of a fresh Russian working-class from the village to the modern factories of Moscow and Petrograd, and the lack of any ‘parliamentary tradition’ had made it easier for them to overthrow capitalist rule in Russia in 1917 – but points out that the flip side of this economic backwardness was that it then made it harder to build a socialist economy after the revolution – and, indeed, as Trotsky later explained elsewhere, it was the isolation of economically weak Russia that led to the Stalinist counter-revolution. 

In contrast, he explains that “the richer and more cultured a country and the older its parliamentary-democratic tradition, the harder it is for the communist party to take power; but the faster and the more successfully will the work of socialist construction proceed after the conquest of power. Put more concretely, the overturn of the British bourgeoisie is no easy task; it does require a necessary “gradualness”, i.e. serious preparation; but once having taken control of state power, the land, the industrial, commercial and banking apparatus, the proletariat of Britain will be able to carry out the re-organization of the capitalist economy into a socialist one with far less sacrifices, far more success and at a much quicker pace”. (p.27)

‘Where is Britain Going’ also provides numerous reminders of the concealed revolutionary history of Britain – not least the English Revolution of the seventeenth century that, under Cromwell’s dictatorship, provided the political foundation for the development of British capitalism. Even though its ideals may have been expressed through the religious language of Puritanism, it had boldly cleared the remains of feudalism and the idle rule of the court aristocracy aside, enabling the new capitalist class to lead the Industrial Revolution and the expansion of a global empire. And, to carry through this capitalist bourgeois revolution fully, the old state machine had to be completely broken, including by making a public spectacle of the execution of the King. 

Trotsky discusses the revolutionary Chartist movement of the nineteenth century - described by Lenin (1919) as the world’s “first broad, truly mass and politically organised proletarian revolutionary movement”. 

He also points out how the avowed belief in only “gradual” change by Tory leaders like Baldwin was soon put aside once the “gradual” emergence of Germany onto the world arena became great enough for it to become a significant rival to Britan’s global dominance. “From 1914 to 1918 Mr. Baldwin … categorically rejected the applicability of gradualness to Anglo-German relations and endeavoured to settle the matter by means of vast quantities of high explosive (!)” (p.19). 

Trotsky points out that a Marxist view of history recognises that periods where the pace of change seem slow and drawn-out – perhaps like the one we’ve been through in recent years – can, as Trotsky puts it “go hand in hand with catastrophes, breaks and upward and downward leaps. The long process of competition between the two states gradually prepares the war, the discontent of exploited workers gradually prepares a strike.

Trotsky also astutely looks ahead to WW2, analysing how (p.10) “The development of military technique .. is reducing the tremendous historical advantages of [Britain’s] island position to zero. America, that gigantic “island” walled off on both sides by oceans, remains invulnerable. But Britain’s greatest centres of population, and London above all, can face a murderous air attack from the continent of Europe in the course of a few hours”.

It also discusses the role that a socialist majority in a British Parliament could play – pointing out that genuine Marxism has nothing in common with ultra-lefts who refuse to take the opportunities provided by putting forward a socialist program as election candidates and using the platform of Parliament or Local Council meetings to stand up for working people. 

However, Trotsky also explains why, without workers’ action outside Parliament to overcome the opposition of a capitalist class under threat, no parliamentary vote alone will ever be sufficient to bring about socialist change – and that the bosss will use every means at their disposal to try to “put a brake on the activity of a [genuinely] Labour government, paralyze its efforts, intimidate it, introduce a split in its parliamentary majority and finally to create a financial panic, dislocation of the food supply, lock-outs, to terrorize the top layers of the labour organisations and render the proletariat powerless. Only an utter fool can fail to understand that”. (p.76)  - and, sadly, those where exactly the lessons of the coup against Allende’s government in Chile in 1973.

He puts it like this: “If a truly workers’ government came to power in Britain even in an ultra-democratic way, the workers’ government would be forced to [defeat] the resistance of the privileged classes …. On the basis of a direct struggle, the trade unions would actively draw closer together not only in their top layers but at the bottom levels as well, and would arrive at the necessity of creating local delegate meetings, i.e. councils (Soviets) of workers’ deputies. A truly Labour government, would find itself in this way compelled to [replace] the old state apparatus … of the possessing classes and oppose it with workers’ councils” (p68/9). And, he adds, that it will be from the ranks of the trade unions that the new workers’ state will find its public servants, its administrators and managers of democratically nationalised industry.

But let me finish with the conclusion that Trotsky gives at the end of the First Chapter (p.16):

“The contradictions undermining British society will inevitably intensify. We do not intend to predict the exact tempo of this process, but it will be measurable in terms of years … not in decades. This general prospect requires us to ask above all the question: will a Party be built in Britain in time with the strength and the links with the masses to be able to thaw out at the right moment all the necessary practical conclusions from the sharpening crisis? It is in this question that Great Britain’s fate is today contained”.

And that’s the critical question for us too – can we build a Party that is up to the task?

***

Nationalisation and small businesses - what do socialists say?

In the aftermath of the July general election, Tunde, a supporter of the Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition – the electoral coalition that the Socialist Party is part of – wrote to us about our programme for nationalisation. They asked:

1. On areas concerning childcare, social and health services, would small private providers be nationalised or only the largest providers?

2. How would compensation on proven need be assessed and would that be monetary-based?

Socialist Party National Committee member Martin Powell-Davies responds.

https://www.socialistparty.org.uk/articles/132092/30-10-2024/nationalisation-compensation-and-small-businesses-what-do-socialists-say/

With society organised as it is, a capitalist system based on competition for profits, the living standards of workers and small traders alike are constantly under attack. Workers’ wages fail to keep up with prices – leaving less in their pockets to spend in local businesses. Instead of taking wealth from the super-rich, pro-capitalist governments increase the tax burden on the rest of us, and banks rake in interest payments from loans and mortgages.

To end this systematic robbery, the Socialist Party says: nationalise the 150 or so major companies and banks that dominate the British economy and run them under working-class control and management, as part of a democratically agreed socialist plan.

With these key drivers of the economy taken into public ownership, a workers’ democracy could then plan not only what needs to be produced, but also the public services that need to be provided. That’s bound to include free, high-quality, childcare, social and health services – areas where urgent action is needed to address the state of complete crisis.

Some of these services still remain in the public sector, run through the NHS or local councils. A socialist government would make sure that the wealth secured through nationalisation of the economy was used to finally reverse decades of damaging cuts and expand these vital services to meet needs, managed under the democratic control of staff, their unions, and service users.

However, thanks to privatisation and ‘competitive tendering’, too many of these services have been privatised, often to sharks relying on low pay and poor employment practices. Other big businesses – not least the pharmaceutical giants – have never been made part of the NHS, as they always should have been. All the major providers in these sectors should be placed under public ownership, putting an end to their profiteering and exploitation of their workforce.

But where does that leave, say, a family-run pharmacy or a self-employed childminder? Socialists have always made clear that small private providers shouldn’t fear that they will be treated as if they were profiteering fat cats. They can play their role in a socialist plan to meet people’s needs, without fear that they are going to be forcibly nationalised. Instead, small providers would benefit from government control of prices and the provision of cheap credit. State subsidies, particularly to make sure that their workers receive trade union rates of pay, decent working conditions and training, could also be provided where genuinely needed. Grants could be paid, for example to improve premises, so they could offer a higher quality of service.

But, in return, small providers must be prepared to ‘open their books’ to local workers’ committees who could then fully discuss with them their financial situation and agree what cheap loan or subsidy might be appropriate – or not, depending on the circumstances.

Some providers may conclude that the best way forward would be to voluntarily transfer their services into the public sector. After all, wouldn’t it make more sense, to continue with these examples, for pharmacists and childcare workers to become state employees, with guaranteed pay and conditions, instead of having the insecurity of running their own small businesses?

That kind of democratic decision-making would also be how questions about compensation would be resolved. When it comes to the fat cats, like the major shareholders of the banks and monopolies, and privatised rail, water and energy firms, the answer would be clear. While workers struggle, the FTSE100 companies are paying out around £80 billion in shareholder dividends every year! These profiteers have already made a killing at our expense, why should we pay them even a penny more when we take their firms into public ownership?!

But what about smaller businesses and shareholders, or workers whose pension contributions might be invested in one of the 150 top firms? The Socialist Party agrees that compensation should be paid – but only where there is a proven need, assessed democratically by workers’ committees with full access to the relevant books and accounts. Any individual who felt they would be in hardship when a firm is nationalised – compulsorily or voluntarily – must also have the right to fully present their case for individual compensation too.

In some cases, compensation based on need might indeed be a monetary sum. Where the concern is about pension funds, then compensation could perhaps be the guarantee of a full state pension – not at the existing poverty levels but enough to enjoy a decent retirement. Where the concern is about the potential loss of a home, there could be a guarantee of a high-quality state-rented home, as part of the wider plan that a socialist government will need to launch to address the housing crisis.

Ultimately, the exact details of what programme a workers’ democracy carries out is determined in the course of struggle and is the product of democratic debate and discussion. To meet the needs of all in society while protecting the environment means developing a socialist planned economy. That can only be achieved by taking the commanding heights of the economy into democratic public ownership.

16 October 1918 – an anniversary for socialist educators to discuss for today

“School reform after the October Revolution serves as an act of struggle of the masses for knowledge, for education. It’s not just about making school universally accessible, since the way it was organised by the previous regime was not suitable for the working masses; the issue is about its radical reconstruction in the spirit of a truly popular school”

Anatoly Lunacharsky, ‘People's Commissar for Education’, Russia, 16 October 1918

Socialist change would at last allow wealth and resources to be democratically planned and managed - and such a democratic plan would allow a full debate on what our education system should look like – and for it to be put into practice!

This was exactly the debate that took place amongst socialists, educators and the wider working-class after the Russian Revolution of October 1917 had achieved socialist change. The results of a year’s discussions were finally summed up in the “Decree on the Unified Labour School” that was issued on 16 October 1918. 

All schools were brought into the same unified system, providing free, secular, co-educational education up to the age of 17. They were to be self-governed through a school council made up of all school staff, and, although in smaller proportions, representatives of the local community, older school students and the education department. “The division of teachers into categories” was abolished, so all were paid on the same salary scale.

The Decree stated that all schools “must be under the regular supervision of doctors” and provide “hot breakfasts free of charge”. They should operate as what we might now call ‘community hubs’ hosting clubs, performances, meetings and so on.

A broad curriculum was to be based on ‘polytechnical’ principles, centred on active learning and with regular work experience as an integral part. The agreed curriculum “should be very flexible in its application to local conditions” and school work should be “creative and cheerful” with homework and formal exams abolished. 

In practice, first under the pressures of civil war, and then the reversal of workers’ democracy under Stalinism, much of this program was never fully implemented. Discussions in a socialist Britain might not arrive at exactly the same conclusions, but these debates from revolutionary Russia give a glimpse of how a socialist education policy could be decided upon and applied.

Another England: How to Reclaim Our National Story - A Review

After a summer when the far-right have managed to mobilise alienated youth and workers across many towns and cities in England, a book that sets out with the intention to “reclaim ‘Englishness’ from the Right” could be worth a read.

That’s what Caroline Lucas, who recently stood down as the Green Party’s first MP, has tried to do in her book, Another England – How to Reclaim Our National Story.

Published by Hutchinson Heinemann, 2024, £22.

Sadly, however, her rambling discussion, largely based on English literature, doesn’t offer much to the urgent debate about how best to undercut the far-right by offering a working-class, socialist, alternative.

That’s not to say that the book isn’t without some interesting reflections. She acknowledges that Remain supporters like herself in the 2016 EU referendum underestimated the deep anger and alienation across working-class communities, particularly, but not solely, in England, and rightly blames successive governments for whipping up “fear and anger about immigration”.

Lucas correctly explains that “too often immigration is used as a lightning rod for the real causes of tensions over a lack of housing, transport or health care, the decline of public services… poorly paid and insecure jobs, all of which are the fault – even the deliberate policy – of coalition and Conservative governments”.

She also discusses how the idea of ‘Englishness’ has been “consciously shaped by the country’s elite into a narrative that shapes their ends”. For example, she traces how, in the earliest ballads about Robin Hood, the ‘Merry Men’ were simply outlaws, “outwitting priests and nobles”. That’s because, when first told, it was a tale of peasant resentment at the then feudal ruling-classes.

This was the age of King Richard – ‘the Lionheart’ – sometimes seen as a hero by far-right English nationalists. However, as the book explains, Richard I was a speaker of French and Occitan who mainly saw his English lands as a means to raise money to fight his wars and ‘crusades’: “Richard ruled over England but there was little sense that he shared an English identity with his subjects”.

Lucas explains how, in the nineteenth century, at a time when the new ruling-class wanted to foster the concept of a united ‘England’, Robin Hood was reinterpreted by Walter Scott as being of noble birth, as a loyal servant to the King against the evil Sheriff of Nottingham. However, the book fails to clearly spell out how this development of distinct nation states was the product of capitalism, of an economy that required a national market and the breaking down of localised customs duties and tariffs.

English capitalism of course developed into a wider British capitalism, and then an imperialist Empire that amassed even more wealth through its domination of global markets. The British capitalists’ global domination has long since been lost, but, as Lucas correctly points out, right populists like Boris Johnson still appeal to supposed past ‘glories’ and ‘British values’ to try and justify their greed and warmongering.

Lucas argues that ‘progressives’ need to put forward a different narrative of what it means to be English – like “the Diggers, the Tolpuddle Martyrs, the suffragettes, the Battle of Cable Street”. She adds that “we can take heart from Robin Hood”, in the way that the story still resonates because of its “idea of redistribution, of society making sure that everyone has what they need, that someone will step forward to protect the weak and face down the bullies”.

Lucas quotes from some of the English writers that have protested at the uneven distribution of both land and wealth imposed under capitalist rule, not least Gerrard Winstanley, the leader of the Diggers: “For what you call the Law is but a club of the rich over the lowest of men, sanctifying the conquest of the earth by a few and making their theft the way of things”.

But, while not clearly spelt out, Lucas’ model of ‘redistribution’ seems to be a utopian vision of winning some kind of fairer capitalism. She explores the anger at Victorian poverty expressed by writers like Elizabeth Gaskell and Charles Dickens and links them to the later development of the welfare state implemented by the Labour government of 1945 and beyond.

However, neither the pressure that came from the trade union movement, nor the fear of the capitalists at losing their power unless they gave concessions to the working-class, are mentioned. And this lack of a class analysis goes to the heart of the weakness in Lucas’ book and her politics generally.

She sees Britain’s “low-wage, low-productivity” economy as arising from a loss of a “focus on the importance of dignity and a living wage to working people”. No, it arises from decaying British capitalism no longer being able to generate sufficient profit through reinvesting in industry and manufacturing, and instead seeking to drive down wages and dismantle all the gains made by the working-class during the post-war boom.

Similarly, she discusses the threat of climate catastrophe, but sees the lack of urgent global action more as a question of government complacency rather than from the inability of capitalism to plan and invest on a global scale.

Lucas proposes a number of constitutional reforms – introducing proportional representation, an elected senate rather than the House of Lords, a formal written constitution, and the creation of an English parliament to sit alongside the devolved powers given to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.

But the only way that any of these reforms could help challenge class inequality would be if a genuine mass workers’ party was able to use them as a platform to cut across both the main capitalist parties and the populist far-right.

More fundamentally, the answers Caroline Lucas seeks can only be found by replacing decaying capitalism with a socialist society freed from the barriers of nation state and private profit.

***

This book review was published in the October edition of 'Socialism Today', the monthly magazine of the Socialist Party (England and Wales) under the title, "How not to combat right-wing populism"

TUSC - building a team ready for the struggles to come in Chorley and beyond

"Well Martin, what a strange election. We are all so proud of you standing up for us workers, and whilst [Lindsay Hoyle] got back in you showed there is a significant voice which is represented by you. I wish you all the best and if nothing else we stood side by side to do the right thing". 
Joe, Earlsway Residents Association.

This message - sent from just one of the many new points of support that we have made right across the constituency - sums up the roots that TUSC have put down in the last few weeks of campaigning. These are the roots that we will now build on in the struggles to come under the new Starmer-led Labour government.

After the last evening knocking on doors of voters in the streets of Chorley East, and a long night waiting for the vote to be counted at Chorley Town Hall, there were still smiles on our faces! Yes, we know that our 632 votes was a modest return for all of the hard work that we had put in. However, we are satisfied that we could not have done more to get our message across. No other party had been out at meetings, in the speaker-van, on the town centre stalls, on the doorsteps and on the council estates like we had. Our real reward was the TUSC team that we have built and grown over the campaign, a team that will be sticking together to campaign on all of the issues that we know the workers of Chorley feel so angry about - not least the cost-of-living crisis, the state of our crumbling NHS and public services, and the lack of genuinely affordable housing.

Finishing the last knocking up in Chorley East

Labour elected - but with under 10 million votes

In many ways it has been a 'strange' election. It's ended up with a supposed Labour 'landslide', yet one based on just a 34% share of the overall votes. In absolute numbers, Labour received just 9.6 million votes, lower than the 10.2 million Jeremy Corbyn-led Labour got in 2019, and far below the 12.8 million he got in 2017. Yes, the hated Tories were annihilated, but Keir Starmer is already regarded by many working-class people with suspicion, as just another career politician who has little to say for 'the likes of us'.

Because we've been out on the doorsteps and the streets of Chorley, we've had hundreds of conversations that have brought home to us that suspicion of Starmer. For some, particularly from the Muslim community, Starmer's support for the Israeli onslaught in Gaza has resulted in more than just suspicion, it's meant real anger. That anger helped mobilise the tremendous votes for Jeremy Corbyn and the four anti-war independent MPs elected on July 4th, but it was not such a significant factor across the whole of Chorley.

In Chorley, it was usually our wider programme - for action of homes and health, for a £15 an hour minimum wage, for a future for young people and a society run in the interests of the workers, not the wealthy - that was nearly always well received on the stalls and doorsteps. However, while we could convince a minority to show their anger against inequality by voting for TUSC, we could tell that most working-class voters were so disconnected or angry with establishment politics and politicians that they just weren't going to vote at all. And that was shown nationally - with an overall turnout of under 60% being one of the lowest ever recorded in any General Election.

The programme on our election leaflet delivered by Royal Mail

Many Chorley workers felt forgotten and disenfranchised

In Chorley, the turnout was even lower - at just 47%. The general disconnection with establishment politics was added to by real confusion as to whether you were allowed to vote against the Speaker at all! At the start of the campaign, we were having to constantly explain that, just because the main parties had done a deal not to stand against Lindsay Hoyle, that didn't mean that other parties couldn't - and that they still had a right to go out and vote. That message seemed to have got through after a few weeks in the town centre but, out on the estates, that confusion remained to the last. On the afternoon on Election Day, I was having to exchange messages with a voter, who had received our leaflet on the Collingwood Estate, to help him explain to his neighbours that, yes, they were allowed to vote in Chorley!

Many Chorley voters felt that they were effectively being disenfranchised. Being in the Speaker's constituency meant that they were left without the choice of parties available in other constituencies. Instead, they were being asked to endorse the return of a Speaker who could not speak up or vote for then in Parliament because of his supposedly 'impartial' position. In response, over 2,000 voters opted for the single-issue 'Democracy for Chorley' candidate and nearly 1,200 spoilt their votes, instead using a 'creative' (you'll have to use your imagination!) choice of drawings and slogans on their ballot papers to illustrate what a 'stitch-up' they thought it was for Chorley voters.

There's no denying that Sir Lindsay Hoyle, who has built up his base of support over many years, retained a substantial majority - with over 25,000 votes cast. In a strange way, in an election where voters wanted to show their anger at the main parties, Hoyle may have actually benefited from being seen as being more of an 'independent', not standing under any party label but just as the local candidate. However, for others, Hoyle was definitely seen as being just another establishment politician, making himself a nice career, happy to be seen glad-handing people around town, but delivering nothing for Chorley voters in reality.

As a warning for the future, it was also clear from the discussions we had, and from the spoilt papers, that there was a section of Chorley workers that would have voted for 'Reform' if they had been on the ballot paper. Some chose to vote for the right-wing 'English Constitution Party' instead. Unless a strong working-class trade union and socialist alternative is built, there is a real danger of right-populist, racist forces stepping into the vacuum as anger with the incoming Labour government grows - just like we are seeing in France and elsewhere.

Why Starmer's Labour will continue with Tory attacks - read more here

But our team of canvassers were ready to take on these arguments when they arose. More often than not they stemmed from a justified feeling that working-class people had been forgotten about by the 'politicians', and genuine anger about the state of housing and the NHS. However, they were then mistakenly falling for the simple arguments that it was refugees who were therefore to blame for that crisis, instead of the profiteers and privatisers who have been slashing public services for so long. And, of course, these arguments are being made by politicians like Farage who, in reality, serve the interests of that same wealthy establishment, certainly not the working-class.

For example, one group of lads on an estate in Clayton Brook were abusing our team and shouting 'Reform' at us. But we didn't back away, we went over to discuss. Explaining that we were a trade union-backed party got at least one of the lads to talk about how he was in a union at work and listen intently to what we were saying. Another angry truck driver in Chorley East was so abusive at me to start with that my fellow canvasser was worried that I was going to get punched. However, I held my ground, explained our position, and the fact that I was standing on a workers' wage, not the £171,000 that the Speaker gets paid. In the end, he was one of several voters who may have switched from wanting to vote 'Reform' to voting TUSC instead.

A mass workers' voice is urgently needed

If an election was decided by the amount of work put in by the parties on the ground, then TUSC would definitely have had a much stronger showing in Chorley than we achieved! However, of course, despite all our work, unless you have a team of mass canvassers like Jeremy Corbyn was able to assemble in Islington, you are still really just scratching the surface of a whole constituency. Our own stalls, door-knocking and leafletting could only touch a fraction of the overall electorate. One A5 leaflet delivered through the Royal Mail - and then not always received - will have only been read by a minority. 

Some did read our material, and were so pleased to read it, that they responded by getting in touch, putting up a poster in their window and becoming part of our new base in Chorley. Some already knew about TUSC through our stand in the local elections in May. But many looking for a vote to the left of Labour will have looked for parties with a bigger national profile - and so voted 'Green' instead. 

In Chorley, as in other towns and cities, many of the local Greens are 'Corbynites' who are looking, like us, to build an alternative to Labour. However, the Greens are not a workers’ party, with no democratic rights for trade unions within it. When actually elected to lead councils, they have failed to mobilise workers to demand the funding needed from central government but, instead, have implemented cuts.  They also stood, for example, against Jeremy Corbyn in Islington North. However, if the four new Green MPs would now be willing to act as part of a bloc of workers' MPs alongside Corbyn and the anti-war independents, then the Greens could help play a positive role in the fight for a mass party of the working class - or, at the very least to start with, help bring together a united workers' list with a strong national profile.

Read more here: https://www.socialistparty.org.uk/party-media/

I and my party, the Socialist Party, have been campaigning for a new mass workers' party ever since Tony Blair first started to decisively turn Labour into just another pro-capitalist party, shorn from its previous trade union and working-class mass base. That's why, alongside building the Socialist Party, I and others have devoted so much of our energy into also building TUSC, the Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition. 

We have always only seen TUSC as one step towards building a new trade union based mass party, armed with a socialist programme. That is the party that is going to be even more urgently needed as mass opposition starts to develop against a Starmer government driven to attack the working-class by the 'logic' of capitalism, a logic that will be so slavishly followed by Starmer, Reeves and the rest of the new Labour Cabinet.

In Chorley we will continue to do both* - to build that wider TUSC team as part of a wider campaign to build a new mass workers' voice to challenge the main capitalist parties, while also building the Socialist Party, bringing together the most determined trade unionists, youth and community campaigners to learn the lessons of the past - in order to win the battles of the future.

Martin Powell-Davies, 6th July 2024.

* We're meeting up to review and discuss what we do next at the St. Joseph's Club, Harpers Lane, Chorley on Tuesday 9th July at 7pm - before the football for anyone who wants to watch it there afterwards - so you're welcome to come and join us there!

A Workers' MP for Chorley - opposing switching 'PIP' to vouchers

I fully support the demand to oppose switching PIP to 'vouchers' which would further strip people with disabilities of their autonomy in a totally discriminatory manner and risks those 'vouchers' being refused from those presently paid in cash.

As I am aware from people I know well, PIP is already increasingly becoming harder to receive and the level of benefits fulls short of what is actually required to meet the rising cost of living.

Photo: Paul Mattson

TUSC stands for the replacement of Universal Credit and the punitive benefit system with living benefits for all who need them, and calls for a massive expansion of public services to meet need.

The TUSC Manifesto has a section setting out these policies:

STOP THE ATTACKS ON DISABLED PEOPLE

● Promote inclusive policies to enable disabled people to participate in, and have equal access to, education, employment, housing, transport and welfare provision.

● Support measures to ensure disabled people receive a level of income according to needs. Equal pay for equal work.

● Take action against employers and service providers for failing to make reasonable adjustments to address disability needs.

● For a supportive benefits system, free of discrimination.

There are many active disability campaigners within TUSC and the Socialist Party, the constituent part of the TUSC Coalition to which I also belong. They write at greater length about the struggle to defend disability rights in these articles:

As one of these articles says "After over a decade of Tory attacks on disabled people, there will be huge expectations that things must start to improve once they’re out of the door. But Starmer’s Labour is promising to stick to Tory spending plans, and fails to oppose the Tories’ rhetoric against disabled people".

That's why I am standing for TUSC to provide a voice that will speak up against the continuation of austerity policies and attacks on working class people - not least those with disabilities.

Martin Powell-Davies 

Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition Candidate for Chorley

A Workers' MP for Chorley - supporting the 'Veterans Pledge'

A number of Chorley voters have got in touch with me asking for to confirm my support for the "Veterans Pledge" and the three key demands it sets out - to keep the Office for Veterans' Affairs, commission an independent review of the medical discharge process, and remove unfair barriers to receiving benefits and compensation. 

I am certainly happy to support all of these demands, as is the National Chair of TUSC, Dave Nellist.

It's always struck me that too high a  proportion of homeless single men that I have spoken too, right across the country, turn out to be veterans. Just as the 'Veterans Pledge' suggests, it's clear that too many veterans' housing and health needs are not being met.

As the pledge website also suggests - even though it may be a subject some veterans may find hard to admit to - mental health issues are indeed often missed.

I was born myself to a mother old enough to have served on the radar stations on the south coast during WW2, knowing what got through would fall on her family in London. Even though not in a combat role, the stress nevertheless took its toll. 

My uncles who fought in North Africa, Italy and Greece in WW2 rarely talked about what they went through, although Lt. Powell-Davies' photos on the Imperial War Museum website still give a graphic account of the kind of experiences that inevitably still weigh heavily on veterans in later years.

Martin Powell-Davies 

Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition Candidate for Chorley